FGFR belongs to the family of tyrosine kinase receptors and is expressed on various types of cells. The FGFR signaling pathway is involved in regulating the proliferation, migration, and anti-apoptotic signaling-related gene transcription in normal cells. FGFR binds to its natural ligand fibroblast growth factor (FGF), inducing receptor dimerization, phosphorylation of the kinase domain in cells, ultimately leading to activation of downstream RAS/MAPK pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway. Aberrant FGFR signaling pathways directly promote tumor cell proliferation, survival, and facilitate angiogenesis, driving tumor progression.
Currently, abnormal expression of FGFR has been found in various malignant tumors, including gene amplifications, chromosomal translocations, rearrangements, point mutations, and gene fusions. Both domestic and international data across different tumor types show that FGFR gene alterations are most common in urothelial carcinoma, suggesting that FGFR targeted therapy may offer potential benefits to patients with urothelial carcinoma.
